Conclusion The WritePass Journal

Nutrition and Dietetics Proposal-Discussion/Conclusion Nutrition and Dietetics Proposal-Discussion/Conclusion ) as explained earlier. Relationship between omega 3 fatty acid and homocysteine This study showed positive association between omega 3 fatty acid and homocysteine level, suggesting the role of omega 3 fatty acids in regulating the level of homocysteine in the body. As discussed earlier, homocysteine is an important biomarker of CVD and control of which may reduce the risk of CVD. These findings support previous finding by Kulkarni, et.al (2011) who studied the association of omega 3 fatty acid with homocysteine concentrations. In the study they found that altered omega 3 fatty acids (mainly docosahexaenoic acid) may lead to increased homocysteine concentration. However, majority of studies have focused on the association between omega 3 fatty acids and other CVD markers such as LDL, blood sugar and clotting factors (Yeh, et.al. 2009; Etherton, et.al. 2002). Thus, further long term studies should be done to unravel the possible association between omega 3 fatty acid and homocysteine. Limitations Despite some interesting findings, the study had few limitations. The association of omega 3 fatty acids with homocysteine and CRP was only studied in diabetics and non-diabetics. The study would have given much clearer conclusion if the implication of omega 3 fatty acids and its biomarkers was also investigated in CVD patients. Moreover, although the study found the correlation between cholesterol and diabetes, it did not assess whether HDL or LDL had greater implication in diabetics. Clinical implications of the findings and future research Diabetes and CVD disease are two chronic conditions that are the major killers among all the diseases. Preventive measures and early diagnosis remains the key for proper management of the disease. This study suggests the beneficial role of omega 3 fatty acids in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. More so, the study also showed the association of omega 3 fatty acids with CVD markers such as homocysteine, cholesterol, as well as diabetes marker such as HbA1c. Thus, people who are at risk of developing CVD and diabetes can be encouraged to intake diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids. But , the association of omega 3 fatty acid with inflammatory maker, CRP remained inconclusive. Also, whether increased homocysteine in diabetics was associated with CVD was beyond the scope of this project and demands further studies. Future studied should be done to see the effects of omega 3 fatty acids in altering homocysteine level and CRP in CVD patients. References Bays, H.E., Chapman, R.H., Grandy, S. SHIELD Investigators Group 2007, The relationship of body mass index to diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia: comparison of data from two national surveys,  International journal of clinical practice,  vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 737-747. Daousi, C., Casson, I.F., Gill, G.V., MacFarlane, I.A., Wilding, J.P. Pinkney, J.H. 2006, Prevalence of obesity in type 2 diabetes in secondary care: association with cardiovascular risk factors,  Postgraduate medical journal,  vol. 82, no. 966, pp. 280-284. Edelman, D., Olsen, M.K., Dudley, T.K., Harris, A.C. Oddone, E.Z. 2004, Utility of hemoglobin A1c in predicting diabetes risk,  Journal of general internal medicine,  vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 1175-1180. Etherton, P.M.K., Harris, W.S andAppel, L.J, 2002. AHA Scientific Statement.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease†, vol. 106, pp. 2747-2757. Kulkarni, A., Mehendale, S., Pisal, H., Kilari, A., Dangat, K., Salunkhe, S., Taralekar, V. Joshi, S. 2011, Association of omega-3 fatty acids and homocysteine concentrations in pre-eclampsia,  Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland),  vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 60-64. Mancia, G. 2005, The association of hypertension and diabetes: prevalence, cardiovascular risk and protection by blood pressure reduction,  ActaDiabetologica,  vol. 42 Suppl 1, pp. S17-25. Mugabo, Y., Li, L. Renier, G. 2010, The connection between C-reactive protein (CRP) and diabetic vasculopathy. Focus on preclinical findings,  Current diabetes reviews,  vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 27-34. Virtanen, J.K., Mursu, J., Voutilainen, S., Uusitupa, M. Tuomainen, T.P. 2013, Serum Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study,  Diabetes care. Yajnik, C.S. Ganpule-Rao, A.V. 2010, The obesity-diabetes association: what is different in indians?,  The international journal of lower extremity wounds,  vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 113-115. Yeh, E, Wood, R.D, Leeson, S and Squires, E.J, 2009.British poultry science.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Effect of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on clotting activities of Factor V, VII and X in fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome-susceptible laying hens†, vol. 50, no.3, pp. 582-392. Nutrition and Dietetics Proposal-Discussion/Conclusion Introduction Nutrition and Dietetics Proposal-Discussion/Conclusion ) as explained earlier. Relationship between omega 3 fatty acid and homocysteine This study showed positive association between omega 3 fatty acid and homocysteine level, suggesting the role of omega 3 fatty acids in regulating the level of homocysteine in the body. As discussed earlier, homocysteine is an important biomarker of CVD and control of which may reduce the risk of CVD. These findings support previous finding by Kulkarni, et.al (2011) who studied the association of omega 3 fatty acid with homocysteine concentrations. In the study they found that altered omega 3 fatty acids (mainly docosahexaenoic acid) may lead to increased homocysteine concentration. However, majority of studies have focused on the association between omega 3 fatty acids and other CVD markers such as LDL, blood sugar and clotting factors (Yeh, et.al. 2009; Etherton, et.al. 2002). Thus, further long term studies should be done to unravel the possible association between omega 3 fatty acid and homocysteine. Limitations Despite some interesting findings, the study had few limitations. The association of omega 3 fatty acids with homocysteine and CRP was only studied in diabetics and non-diabetics. The study would have given much clearer conclusion if the implication of omega 3 fatty acids and its biomarkers was also investigated in CVD patients. Moreover, although the study found the correlation between cholesterol and diabetes, it did not assess whether HDL or LDL had greater implication in diabetics. Clinical implications of the findings and future research Diabetes and CVD disease are two chronic conditions that are the major killers among all the diseases. Preventive measures and early diagnosis remains the key for proper management of the disease. This study suggests the beneficial role of omega 3 fatty acids in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. More so, the study also showed the association of omega 3 fatty acids with CVD markers such as homocysteine, cholesterol, as well as diabetes marker such as HbA1c. Thus, people who are at risk of developing CVD and diabetes can be encouraged to intake diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids. But , the association of omega 3 fatty acid with inflammatory maker, CRP remained inconclusive. Also, whether increased homocysteine in diabetics was associated with CVD was beyond the scope of this project and demands further studies. Future studied should be done to see the effects of omega 3 fatty acids in altering homocysteine level and CRP in CVD patients. References Bays, H.E., Chapman, R.H., Grandy, S. SHIELD Investigators Group 2007, The relationship of body mass index to diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia: comparison of data from two national surveys,  International journal of clinical practice,  vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 737-747. Daousi, C., Casson, I.F., Gill, G.V., MacFarlane, I.A., Wilding, J.P. Pinkney, J.H. 2006, Prevalence of obesity in type 2 diabetes in secondary care: association with cardiovascular risk factors,  Postgraduate medical journal,  vol. 82, no. 966, pp. 280-284. Edelman, D., Olsen, M.K., Dudley, T.K., Harris, A.C. Oddone, E.Z. 2004, Utility of hemoglobin A1c in predicting diabetes risk,  Journal of general internal medicine,  vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 1175-1180. Etherton, P.M.K., Harris, W.S andAppel, L.J, 2002. AHA Scientific Statement.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease†, vol. 106, pp. 2747-2757. Kulkarni, A., Mehendale, S., Pisal, H., Kilari, A., Dangat, K., Salunkhe, S., Taralekar, V. Joshi, S. 2011, Association of omega-3 fatty acids and homocysteine concentrations in pre-eclampsia,  Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland),  vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 60-64. Mancia, G. 2005, The association of hypertension and diabetes: prevalence, cardiovascular risk and protection by blood pressure reduction,  ActaDiabetologica,  vol. 42 Suppl 1, pp. S17-25. Mugabo, Y., Li, L. Renier, G. 2010, The connection between C-reactive protein (CRP) and diabetic vasculopathy. Focus on preclinical findings,  Current diabetes reviews,  vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 27-34. Virtanen, J.K., Mursu, J., Voutilainen, S., Uusitupa, M. Tuomainen, T.P. 2013, Serum Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study,  Diabetes care. Yajnik, C.S. Ganpule-Rao, A.V. 2010, The obesity-diabetes association: what is different in indians?,  The international journal of lower extremity wounds,  vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 113-115. Yeh, E, Wood, R.D, Leeson, S and Squires, E.J, 2009.British poultry science.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Effect of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on clotting activities of Factor V, VII and X in fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome-susceptible laying hens†, vol. 50, no.3, pp. 582-392.

Research Paper on DNA

Research Paper on DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid is present in all organisms. Whether it is mammal, bird or bacteria DNA is responsible for a functioning organism. Looking at the two tables provided, there are some noticeable trends that could be identified, as well as conclusions that can be derived. The idea that more complex organism have more DNA mass per cell, that the mass of DNA in somatic cells is constant (there is a range but it is very slight) for any particular organism, that sperm cells are haploid cells and that all organisms have DNA present in their cells are ideas present from the tables provided. The fact that all of the organisms, whether it is mammal, bird or fungi have a mass of DNA present in their cells shows that DNA is present for a reason. If a mammal has an approximate DNA mass in each cell of 6pg and birds have an average DNA mass of 2pg per cell then this DNA has to have a specific function in the body, which explains its initial appearance in each cell. Also, because the organism has a DNA mass in each cell then DNA would have to be passed from the parents onto their offspring. The masses of DNA in the somatic cells of the chicken are all approximately the same. The DNA mass found in a heart cell of the chicken measured at 2.45 pg while the mass of the DNA in each kidney cell weighed at 2.50pg. This can be explained by the fact that when an egg is fertilized by a sperm cell, the fertilized egg eventually becomes the starting point for all the different cells. During the process of mitosis, the fertilized egg is duplicating to form a cluster of cells, while doing so the DNA is also being duplicated and eventually these cluster of cells will become specialized for different functions in different areas of the body. The small but notable variance in the value of masses of the somatic cells can be attributed to experimental error. More complex organisms have a higher DNA mass content per cell. Per cell a mammal has a DNA mass content per cell of 6 pg while a bird has an average DNA mass content of 2pg. The mass of DNA present in each of the cells is dependant on how complex the organism is, the higher the complexity the more DNA that is needed for the organism to function with its internal functions. Since there is more information for the organism itself, then the DNA mass will increase. From the tables provided the mass of the DNA found in sperm cells can be noted. While the mass of DNA seems to fall in the same range for all the different cells in the chicken’s body, the sperm cell is an odd case. With a mass of DNA of 1.26 pg the sperm cell holds the smallest number, as well as the number that does not fit in with the rest of the other values assigned as values for DNA in the different parts of the cells in the chicken’s body. This can be explained by the fact that the sperm cell is a haploid cell, and that it carries half the DNA that an organism will eventually obtain, the other half coming from the egg. If the sperm cell, with a DNA mass of 1.26 pg were to fertilize the egg (which has a DNA mass of 1.26 pg), the resulting organism will have a DNA mass of 2.52 pg. This value fits in with the rest of the values observed in the second chart. It can be noted that DNA is passed on from both the sperm and egg cell. The initial presence of the DNA in each of the organism’s cells, the fact that the mass of DNA in each of the somatic cells of the chicken is approximately the same, that sperm cells carry half of the mass of DNA of an ordinary somatic cell, and that more complex organisms have a higher DNA mass content per cell than lower organism are ideas present in the tables. From these four points extracted from the tables DNA seems to be an important component for each organism responsible for carrying information.

Common Writing Errors Parallel Construction, Sentence Fragments

Common Writing Errors Parallel Construction, Sentence Fragments In November 2010, InternsOver40, a popular job-search site for older job seekers, published an article entitled Bobby’s Rant, Rave Whatever: Less is More? The second paragraph begins as follows: â€Å"Over the years I have ranted   to many of my close friends  that in my worst day I have more than 98% of the world. Those people who live on less than $68 dollars a month(yes month).† [sic] While I like the sentiment of this article, I am compelled to rant about its writing style.   First, there are small formatting issues like the extra space between â€Å"ranted† and â€Å"to,† and the lack of a space prior to â€Å"(yes month).†Ã‚   That’s just a tiny little rant. Did you Understand That Sentence?   Parallel Construction More notably there’s the sentence, â€Å"In my worst day I have more than 98% of the world.†Ã‚   Do you see the ambiguity here?   Honestly when I first read the sentence I did not understand it.   I thought the author was saying he had in his possession some percentage of the world.   Upon second or third reading, I realized he meant that he had more than does 98% of the world – or that he has more than 98% of the world has. On a basic level, the problem here is parallel construction.   Lack of parallel construction is an issue that plagues many writers, and that takes the sense out of sentences.   In my article about correlative conjunctions, I addressed the issue of parallel construction when using conjunctions such as both and and in a sentence.   If you read that article, you learned that the phrases after the correlative conjunctions â€Å"both† and â€Å"and† must be the same part of speech, e.g. He likes both running and swimming.   The same idea applies here. Take the following sentence.   How would you interpret its meaning? I like coffee more than my husband. Read grammatically, this sentence would imply that given a choice between coffee and her husband, the writer would choose coffee.   And although we might be able to cut corners in our spoken communications, it doesn’t work in writing. Now read: I like coffee more than does my husband. OR I like coffee more than my husband likes it. OR I like coffee more than my husband does. These versions are looking much better for the husband. To write an unambiguous sentence, we need to look at the two things being compared to ensure they are really the things we want to compare! â€Å"I like coffee more than my husband† has nouns (coffee, husband) as the compared objects, so â€Å"coffee† is compared against â€Å"my husband.†Ã‚   â€Å"I like coffee more than does my husband† has verbs as the compared objects (like, does) so we are comparing degrees of the verb â€Å"like.†Ã‚   And â€Å"I like coffee more than my husband likes it† again compares verbs (like, likes). Sentence Fragments You may also have noticed that the last sentence in the InternsOver40 paragraph is not a sentence.   It reads, â€Å"Those people who live on less than $68 dollars a month(yes month).† You can probably spot a sentence fragment when you see one.   Sometimes sentence fragments can be used to stylistic advantage, but I don’t think this particular fragment was effective, especially considering the multitude of other errors in the paragraph. If you are concerned, as I am, about what a major job seeking resource like InternsOver40 is teaching job seekers about how to write, please share your concern with them.   I personally would like to see InternsOver40 post well-written, well-edited articles that will give candidates tools to shine in their written presentation. Do you have a question about how to keep your sentence structure parallel?   Or about whether a sentence is a sentence fragment?   Id love to listen to and answer your questions.   Please share your comments below. Image courtesy Damian Cugley CC BY-SA 2.0 Category:Grammar Writing TipsBy Brenda BernsteinFebruary 21, 2011

Micro enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Micro enterprises - Essay Example equires ethical values that will enable them treat the workforce equally, regardless of the gender, race, religion, culture and abilities (Harvey, 2012). Through adopting a non-discrimination policy, the leaders can afford to treat all the members of the workforce with equality, thus promoting the feelings of appreciation amongst the workforce. The creation of teams and groups that embraces and comprises of different elements of the workforce serves to promote the management of diversity, in that all the members of the workforce feels considered and represented in the groups and teams. Valuing and considering the contributions made by all members of the workforce serves to make the workforce more vibrant, creative and innovative, in that they feel that their ideas and inventions will be recognized and appreciated by the organization (Jeffs, 2008). Receiving and treating the grievances and the concerns raised by members of the workforce, without discrimination or favoritism on any basis that creates diversity in the workforce, is another successful step towards having the leaders of the macro enterprises manage the diversity of the workforce specializing in decision support system (Harvey, 2012). Through the effectiveness of diversity in the workforce, the leaders are assured of a motivated team, which guarantees success. Some characteristics are relevant for small business to be considered as appropriate in the selection process for developing the decision support systems. A small business requires being technologically oriented, an aspect that serves to ensure that the business is in a position to test and try novel technological innovations, ensuring that they can develop a system that is most appropriate for the business (Power, 2002). This is most essential since technology keeps changing and the types of decisions to be made are dynamic, thus calling for constant improvement in the business DSS so established. Another requisite characteristic of such a

Privatization of East Germany Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Privatization of East Germany - Research Paper Example It was considered to be at the same economic level as a third world country (Farazmand 41). On the other side of the wall, the westerners enjoyed a lot of prosperity in their economy along with an economic boom. This was before the reunification of the two sides in the year 1991. The eastern part was under communism rule whereas the western part was under a democratic regime. The practices in the west led the east to lag behind in terms of their routines, achievements and demographics. It also led to their underproduction, lack of proper resource utilization, automation and prospects for growth in the future (John 32). After the reunification of the western and eastern states in the year 1991, the German state encountered a high level of unemployment along with an increase in taxes. The results of the communist policies on the East German population led to the fleeing of thousands of their people into the western part (John 54). This culminated in the building of the wall to stop the further entry of the easterners in the year 1961. The east German people lacked the ability to think autonomously and engage in the activities of risk-taking. These people also had fewer levels of sophistication as compared to their counterparts on the west of Germany. The immigration of the easterners to the west caused many problems in unemployment in their industries. However, the trend brought many advantages to the western manufacturing industries. This is because the labour costs decreased because of the increase in the available labourers (Philip 52). The manufacturing costs that the west incurred also reduced a nd this gave them an increased advantage in their competitiveness around the globe. By the time the communist regime fell in the eastern part of Germany, their authorities were experiencing several problems. The authorities in the east were unable to subsidize bankrupt manufacturing industries and their production had decreased.     

Leadership and management Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership and management - Thesis Proposal Example The cultural norms, orientations and values of the country are expected to influence the manner in which flexible team leaders need to engage with team members. The outsourcing trend has resulted in a growth of virtual teams, particularly in the software development industry with India emerging as a popular destination for virtually outsourced work. The distinct differences such as geographical distance, time zones, religious beliefs, customs, work ethic, communication styles, etc. between Indian team members and western team leaders necessitate considerable flexibility on the part of team leaders. This research project will explore aspects that virtual team leaders should manage flexibly. Hambley, O’Neill & Kline (2007) have discussed the influence of communication styles on the quality of interaction in virtual teams. They have found that videoconferencing does not result in a significant decline in team interaction over face-to-face communication, implying that transactional or transformational leadership styles are not influenced considerably by the virtual team environment. On the other hand, research by Ruggieri (2009) has shown that transformational leadership is more effective than transactional leadership in a virtual team environment. According to the Society for Human Resource Management (2010), leaders need to develop a more flexible approach to communication in a virtual team environment, including communicating at different times throughout the day and using culturally appropriate feedback mechanisms. Maintaining corporate identity is another leadership challenge in virtual teams. Lee (2014) explains that leadership needs to adopt an appropriate multicultural approach towards communication with team members dispersed in various countries of the world. Fan et al. (2014) have elaborated on the impact of instructions sent by virtual

The Disillusionment of College Sports in America Essay

The Disillusionment of College Sports in America - Essay Example This paper will depict the fact that college sports are disillusionment as they seek to benefit the colleges and not the college athletes. The film, â€Å"Hoop Dreams† depicts the lives of two African-American teenagers, William Gates and Arthur Agee as they pursue their dreams of becoming NBA stars. Indeed, they want to use basketball as a leeway to their financial and social woes. Fortunately, a scout from St. Joseph High School, which has a magnificent basketball program and great basketball alumni, like NBA. However, the film negates the idea that college athletic is a game by asserting that William strived to please everybody’s expectations when his knee is shot just when he had immense passion for the game. Notably, St. Joseph High School did not give the two teenagers full sponsorship but partial scholarships because they wanted to relate the sponsorship with the benefits that the double will bring to the school. Ideally, William was more gifted than Arthur a they joined different basketball teams in the school. Indeed, Pingatore, the coach compares William with Isiah Thomas, the NBA star who was al so a recruit of the same school. Notably, Arthur was both slow in class and on the court. As a result, the coach drops Arthur from the squad where he consequently lost the scholarship. This manifests the disillusionment that the school wanted to accrue benefits from Arthur and had to drop him since he could not advance to a perfect basket baller. Indeed, Arthur had to go back to public school. Unfortunately, he would still not graduate in the public school without transfer credits from St. Joseph's who had already withheld his credits due to accrued tuition arrears. In fact, had the school not offered him a scholarship, there would not be any arrears and hence the schools did not seek to benefit Arthur recruiting him to their basketball program. Indeed, it is clear that the school was only looking for looking for a basketball player and not for tuition fees. We can thus ascertain that the school did not aim at helping worthy students but at finding good basketball players who they d rop if they fail to make the target. At the same time, the article by Taylor Branch, â€Å"Shame of College Sports,† defines college sports as a real scandal aimed at generating financial revenue for the for universities and private companies as the college athletes earn nothing. Indeed, the article presents the case of a civil-rights historian seeking for the payment of college athletes. Indeed, the film portrays the lack of concern for the scholars after suffering injuries that jeopardize their progress on the court. However, the two lads survived the setbacks and continued with their pursuit where colleges recruited them. Actually, some college athletes suffer lifetime injuries and do not earn anything for that. The article claims that commercial interests buy schools and buy coaches to the disregard of the college athletes. In fact, Sonny Vaccaro told a closed hearing at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C., in 2001 that they seek to put their materials on the athleteâ⠂¬â„¢s’ bodies by buying their school or their coach. Specifically, the Knight Foundation has interest in college athletics where it guards the interests of the likes of Vaccaro. Moreover,